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Photographer, musician, writer and film director

This article is about the photographer. For the Scottish sports announcer and one-time footballer, meet Gordon Parks (footballer).

Gordon Parks
Parks at the Civil Rights March on Washington, 1963
Born	Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks (1912-11-30)November 30, 1912 Fort Scott, Kansas, U.Southward.
Died	March 7, 2006(2006-03-07) (aged 93) Manhattan, New York Metropolis, U.South.
Works	Life photographic essays Shaft The Learning Tree Solomon Northup's Odyssey A Choice of Weapons (memoir)
Children	Gordon Parks, Jr. David Parks Leslie Campbell Parks Toni Parks-Parsons
Awards	NAACP Image Award (2003) PGA Oscar Micheaux Honour (1993)[1] National Medal of Arts (1988) Spingarn Medal (1972)

Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks (Nov 30, 1912 – March 7, 2006) was an American photographer, musician, writer and picture director, who became prominent in U.S. documentary photojournalism in the 1940s through 1970s—particularly in issues of civil rights, poverty and African-Americans—and in glamour photography.^[2]

Parks was the commencement African American to produce and direct major motion pictures—developing films relating the experience of slaves and struggling black Americans, and creating the "blaxploitation" genre. He is best remembered for his iconic photos of poor Americans during the 1940s (taken for a federal government project), for his photographic essays for Life magazine, and as the director of the 1971 moving picture Shaft. Parks also was an writer, poet and composer.^{[3] [4] [5]}

Early on life [edit]

Parks was born in Fort Scott, Kansas, the son of Andrew Jackson Parks and Sarah Ross, on November xxx, 1912.^[7] He was the youngest of xv children.^[8] His male parent was a farmer who grew corn, beets, turnips, potatoes, collard greens, and tomatoes. They besides had a few ducks, chickens, and hogs.^[9]

He attended a segregated unproblematic schoolhouse. His high school had both black people and white people, because the town was as well small-scale for segregated high schools, but black students were non allowed to play sports or nourish school social activities,^[10] and they were discouraged from developing aspirations for college instruction. Parks related in a documentary on his life that his teacher told him that his desire to go to college would exist a waste product of money.

When Parks was eleven years old, three white boys threw him into the Marmaton River, believing he couldn't swim. He had the presence of listen to duck underwater so they wouldn't see him make it to land.^[xi] His mother died when he was fourteen. He spent his last night at the family home sleeping abreast his mother'southward coffin, seeking non only solace, just a style to face his own fearfulness of decease.^[12]

Soon later on, he was sent to St. Paul, Minnesota, to live with a sister and her husband. He and his brother-in-police argued frequently and Parks was finally turned out onto the street to fend for himself at age 15. Struggling to survive, he worked in brothels, and every bit a vocalist, pianoforte player, bus male child, traveling waiter, and semi-pro basketball thespian.^{[four] [13]} In 1929, he briefly worked in a gentlemen's club, the Minnesota Guild. There he observed the trappings of success and was able to read many books from the club library.^[xiv] When the Wall Street Crash of 1929 brought an end to the club, he jumped a railroad train to Chicago,^[15] where he managed to state a task in a flophouse.^[sixteen]

Career [edit]

Photography [edit]

At the age of viii, Parks was struck past photographs of migrant workers in a magazine. He bought his starting time photographic camera, a Voigtländer Brillant, for $12.fifty at a Seattle, Washington, pawnshop ^[17] and taught himself how to take photos. The photography clerks who adult Parks'south first curl of film applauded his piece of work and prompted him to seek a fashion consignment at a women'due south clothing store in St. Paul, Minnesota, owned past Frank Spud. Those photographs caught the middle of Marva Louis, wife of heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis. She encouraged Parks and his wife, Sally Alvis, to move to Chicago in 1940,^[18] where he began a portrait business and specialized in photographs of society women. Parks's photographic work in Chicago, especially in capturing the myriad experiences of African Americans across the city, led him to receive the Julius Rosenwald Fellowship, in 1942, paying him $200 a month and offering him his pick of employer,^[nineteen] which, in turn, contributed to being asked to bring together the Farm Security Assistants (FSA), which was chronicling the nation's social conditions,^[20] under the auspice of Roy Stryker.^{[13] [21]}

Government photography

Over the next few years, Parks moved from job to job, developing a freelance portrait and fashion lensman sideline. He began to chronicle the city'due south S Side black ghetto and, in 1941, an exhibition of those photographs won Parks a photography fellowship with the FSA.^[13]

American Gothic, Washington, D.C. – a well-known photo past Parks

Working at the FSA every bit a trainee under Roy Stryker,^{[5] [13]} Parks created one of his best-known photographs, American Gothic, Washington, D.C.,^[22] named afterward the iconic Grant Wood painting, American Gothic—a legendary painting of a traditional, stoic, white American farmer and daughter—which diameter a striking, but ironic, resemblance to Parks'south photograph of a black menial laborer. Parks'southward "haunting" photograph shows a blackness woman, Ella Watson, who worked on the cleaning crew of the FSA edifice, standing stiffly in front end of an American flag hanging on the wall, a broom in one hand and a mop in the background. Parks had been inspired to create the image after encountering racism repeatedly in restaurants and shops in the segregated upper-case letter city.^[23]

A later on photograph in the FSA series, by Parks, shows Ella Watson and her family unit.

Upon viewing the photograph, Stryker said that information technology was an indictment of America, and that it could get all of his photographers fired.^[24] He urged Parks to keep working with Watson, which led to a series of photographs of her daily life. Parks said later that his first prototype was overdone and not subtle; other commentators have argued that it drew force from its polemical nature and its duality of victim and survivor, and thus affected far more people than his subsequent pictures of Mrs. Watson.^[25]

(Parks's overall body of work for the federal government—using his camera "equally a weapon"—would draw far more attending from contemporaries and historians than that of all other black photographers in federal service at the time. Today, most historians reviewing federally commissioned black photographers of that era focus almost exclusively on Parks.)^[23]

After the FSA disbanded, Parks remained in Washington, D.C. as a correspondent with the Function of War Information,^{[13] [26]} where he photographed the all-black 332d Fighter Group,^[27] known equally the Tuskegee Airmen. He was unable to follow the group in the overseas war theatre, so he resigned from the O.West.I.^[28] He would later follow Stryker to the Standard Oil Photography Project in New Bailiwick of jersey, which assigned photographers to take pictures of small towns and industrial centers. The most striking work by Parks during that flow included, Dinner Time at Mr. Hercules Chocolate-brown'due south Home, Somerville, Maine (1944); Grease Plant Worker, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1946); Car Loaded with Furniture on Highway (1945); Self Portrait (1945); and Ferry Commuters, Staten Isle, N.Y. (1946).

Commercial and civic photography

Parks renewed his search for photography jobs in the fashion world. Following his resignation from the Office of State of war Information, Parks moved to Harlem and became a freelance mode photographer for Vogue under the editorship of Alexander Liberman.^[29] Despite racist attitudes of the day, Vogue editor Liberman hired him to shoot a collection of evening gowns. As Parks photographed way for Faddy over the side by side few years, he developed the distinctive way of photographing his models in move rather than in static poses. During this fourth dimension, he published his get-go 2 books, Flash Photography (1947) and Camera Portraits: Techniques and Principles of Documentary Portraiture (1948).

A 1948 photographic essay on a young Harlem gang leader won Parks a staff job as a lensman and writer with America's leading photograph-mag, Life. His involvement with Life would last until 1972.^[5] For over 20 years, Parks produced photographs on subjects including fashion, sports, Broadway, poverty, and racial segregation, every bit well as portraits of Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Muhammad Ali, and Barbra Streisand. He became "one of the well-nigh provocative and celebrated photojournalists in the United States."^[thirty]

His photographs for Life magazine, namely his 1956 photo essay, titled "The Restraints: Open and Hidden,"^[31] illuminated the effects of racial segregation while simultaneously following the everyday lives and activities of 3 families in and near Mobile, Alabama: the Thorntons, Causeys, and Tanners. As curators at the High Museum of Fine art Atlanta note, while Parks's photo essay served as decisive documentation of the Jim Crow South and all of its furnishings, he did not simply focus on demonstrations, boycotts, and brutality that were associated with that period; instead, he "emphasized the prosaic details" of the lives of several families.^{[32] [33]}

An exhibition of photographs from a 1950 project Parks completed for Life was exhibited in 2015 at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.^[34] Parks returned to his hometown, Fort Scott, Kansas, where segregation persisted, and he documented conditions in the community and the contemporary lives of many of his xi classmates from the segregated heart school they attended. The projection included his commentary, but the piece of work was never published by Life.

During his years with Life, Parks also wrote a few books on the subject of photography (particularly documentary photography), and in 1960 was named Photographer of the Year by the American Society of Magazine Photographers.^[five]

Film [edit]

In the 1950s, Parks worked as a consultant on various Hollywood productions. He later directed a series of documentaries on black ghetto life that were deputed by National Educational Television. With his film accommodation of his semi-autobiographical novel, The Learning Tree in 1969 for Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, Parks became Hollywood'south first major black director. It was filmed in his dwelling boondocks of Fort Scott, Kansas.^[35] Parks also wrote the screenplay and composed the musical score for the motion-picture show, with assistance from his friend, the composer Henry Brant.

Shaft, a 1971 detective film directed past Parks and starring Richard Roundtree every bit John Shaft, became a major hitting that spawned a series of films that would exist labeled as blaxploitation. The blaxploitation genre was one in which images of lower-class blacks beingness involved with drugs, violence and women, were exploited for commercially successful films featuring black actors, and was popular with a section of the black community. Parks'south feel for settings was confirmed by Shaft, with its portrayal of the super-absurd leather-clad, black individual detective hired to observe the kidnapped daughter of a Harlem racketeer.

Parks too directed the 1972 sequel, Shaft'south Large Score, in which the protagonist finds himself defenseless in the middle of rival gangs of racketeers. Parks's other directorial credits include The Super Cops (1974) and Leadbelly (1976), a biographical picture show of the blues musician Huddie Ledbetter. In the 1980s, he made several films for tv set and composed the music and a libretto for Martin, a ballet tribute to Martin Luther Male monarch Jr., which premiered in Washington, D.C., during 1989. Information technology was screened on national boob tube on King's birthday in 1990.

In 2000, as an homage, he had a cameo appearance in the Shaft sequel that starred Samuel L. Jackson in the title role as the namesake and nephew of the original John Shaft. In the cameo scene, Parks was sitting playing chess when Jackson greeted him as, "Mr. P."

Musician and composer [edit]

Gordon Parks next to his piano, photograph by David Finn (late 1980s)

His first chore was as a piano thespian in a brothel when he was a teenager.^[36] Parks also performed as a jazz pianist. His song "No Love", equanimous in another brothel, was performed during a national radio broadcast past Larry Funk and his orchestra in the early 1930s.^[37]

Parks composed Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (1953) at the encouragement of black American usher, Dean Dixon, and his married woman Vivian, a pianist,^[38] and with the help of the composer Henry Brant.^[39] He completed Tree Symphony in 1967. In 1989, he composed and directed Martin, a ballet dedicated to Martin Luther Rex Jr., the civil-rights leader, who had been assassinated.^[40]

Writing [edit]

In the belatedly-1940s, Parks began writing books on the fine art and arts and crafts of photography. This 2nd career would produce 15 books and lead to his role as a prominent black filmmaker. His semi-autobiographical novel The Learning Tree was published in 1963. He authored several books of poesy, which he illustrated with his ain photographs, and he wrote 3 volumes of memoirs: A Choice of Weapons (1966), Voices in the Mirror (1990), and A Hungry Heart (2005).^{[5] [xiii]}

In 1981, Parks turned to fiction with Shannon, a novel nigh Irish immigrants fighting their mode up the social ladder in turbulent early 20th-century New York. Parks'southward writing accomplishments include novels, verse, autobiography, and non-fiction, including both photographic instructional manuals and books about filmmaking.

Painting [edit]

Parks's photography-related abstract oil paintings were showcased in a 1981 exhibition at Alex Rosenberg Gallery in New York titled "Gordon Parks: Expansions: The Aesthetic Blend of Painting and Photography."^[41]

Essence mag [edit]

Parks served as its editorial managing director during the offset three years of its circulation.^[42]

Personal life [edit]

Parks was married and divorced iii times. His beginning two wives, comprising almost forty years of marriage, were Black. He married Emerge Alvis in Minneapolis in 1933^{[43] [44]} and they divorced in 1961, after more than 25 years. In 1962, he married Elizabeth Campbell, daughter of cartoonist E. Simms Campbell, and they divorced in 1973.^{[45] [46] [47]} Parks first met Chinese-American editor Genevieve Young (stepdaughter of Chinese diplomat Wellington Koo) in 1962 when he began writing The Learning Tree.^[48] At that time, his publisher assigned her to be his editor. They became romantically involved at a fourth dimension when they both were divorcing previous spouses, and married in 1973. This was his shortest marriage, lasting only 6 years. It concluded in divorce in 1979.

Parks had four children by his first two wives: Gordon, Jr., David, Leslie,^[49] and Toni (Parks-Parsons).^[50] His oldest son Gordon Parks, Jr., whose talents resembled his father's, was killed in a plane crash in 1979 in Kenya, where he had gone to direct a moving-picture show.^{[51] [52]} David is an author, with his outset book, GI Diary, published in 1968.^[53] The volume is included in the Howard University Press Classic Editions, Library of African American Literature and Criticism.^{[ citation needed ]}

Parks was a longtime resident of Greenburgh, New York in Westchester County, New York, and his firm was landmarked in 2007.^[54]

Parks has 5 grandchildren: Alain, Gordon Iii, Sarah, Campbell, and Satchel. Malcolm X honored Parks when he asked him to be the godfather of his daughter, Qubilah Shabazz.

Legacy [edit]

In film [edit]

With his moving picture Shaft (forth with Melvin Van Peebles's Sweet Sweetback'south Baadasssss Vocal, released earlier the same year), Parks is credited with co-creating the genre of blaxploitation, an ethnic subgenre of the exploitation picture that emerged in the Usa during the early 1970s. The action film also helped to modify Hollywood's view of African Americans, introducing the black activeness hero into mainstream cinema.

Director Spike Lee cites Parks as an inspiration, stating "Y'all get inspiration where it comes from. It doesn't have to be because I'm looking at his films. The odds that he got these films made nether, when there were no black directors, is enough."^[55]

The Sesame Street grapheme Gordon was named after Parks.^[56]

In music [edit]

• One of Parks' photographs, 1956 Alabama, is used for the album cover of Common'south Like Water for Chocolate. It is a photograph of a immature black woman in Alabama, dressed for church, and drinking from a "colored simply" drinking fountain.
• Parks is referenced in Kendrick Lamar's music video for his song "ELEMENT.". In the video, some of Parks's iconic photographs are transformed into moving vignettes.

Preservation and archives [edit]

Gordon Parks in his written report, photograph by David Finn (late 1980s)

Several parties are recipients or heirs of unlike parts of Parks'due south archival record.

The Gordon Parks Foundation

The Gordon Parks Foundation in Pleasantville, New York (formerly in Chappaqua, New York) reports that it "permanently preserves the work of Gordon Parks, makes it available to the public through exhibitions, books, and electronic media." The organisation also says it "supports artistic and educational activities that advance what Gordon described as 'the common search for a improve life and a improve world.'" That support includes scholarships for "creative" students, and assistance to researchers. Their headquarters includes an exhibition infinite with rotating photography exhibits, open up free to the public, with guided group tours available by organisation. The foundation admits "qualified researchers" to their annal, by engagement. The foundation collaborates with other organizations and institutions, nationally and internationally, to accelerate its aims.^[57]

The Gordon Parks Museum/Eye

The Gordon Parks Museum/Center in Fort Scott, Kansas, holds dozens of Parks's photos and various belongings, both given to the museum by Parks, and bequeathed to the museum by him upon his expiry. The collection includes "awards and medals, personal photos, paintings and drawings of Gordon, plaques, certificates, diplomas and honorary doctorates, selected books and articles, habiliment, record player, tennis racquet, magazine manufactures, his collection of Life magazines and much more than." The museum has too separately received some of Parks's cameras, writing desk and photos of him.^[58]

Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

The Library of Congress (LOC) reports that, in 1995, it "acquired Parks' personal drove, including papers, music, photographs, films, recordings, drawings and other products of his... career."^{[4] [13] [26]}

The LOC was already home to a federal archive that included Parks's first major photojournalism projects—photographs he produced for the Farm Security Administration (1942–43), and for the Office of War Data (1943–45).^{[iv] [13]}

In April 2000, the LOC awarded Parks its accolade "Living Legend", i of only 26 writers and artists so honored by the LOC. The LOC besides holds Parks's published and unpublished scores, and several of his films and television productions.^[thirteen]

National Film Registry

Parks's autobiographical movement pic, The Learning Tree, and his African-American, anti-hero activeness-drama Shaft, are both permanently preserved as function of the National Picture show Registry of the Library of Congress.^{[4] [26]} The Learning Tree was 1 of the original grouping of 25 films first selected by the LOC for the National Motion picture Registry.^[13]

National Athenaeum, Washington, D.C.

The National Archives hold the film My Father, Gordon Parks (1969: archive 306.8063), a motion-picture show about Parks and his production of his autobiographical motion motion picture, The Learning Tree, along with a print (from the original) of Solomon Northup'southward Odyssey, a film made past Parks for a Public Broadcasting System telecast nearly the ordeal of a slave. The Archives also hold various photos from Parks's years in regime service.^{[23] [60] [61]}

Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

The Smithsonian Institution has an all-encompassing list of holdings related to Parks, especially photos.^[62]

Wichita Country Academy

In 1991, Wichita Country University (WSU), in Wichita, the largest city in Parks'southward home country of Kansas, awarded him its highest laurels for achievement: the President'southward Medal. Still, in the mid-1990s, after Parks entrusted WSU with a collection of 150 of his famous photos, WSU—for various reasons (including confusion as to whether they were a souvenir or loan, and whether the university could fairly protect and preserve them)—returned them, stunning and deeply upsetting Parks. A further snub came from Wichita'south city officials, who also declined the opportunity to acquire many of Parks'southward papers and photos.

By 2000, nonetheless, WSU and Parks had healed their division. The university resumed honoring Parks and accumulating his work. In 2008, the Gordon Parks Foundation selected WSU every bit repository for 140 boxes of Parks's photos, manuscripts, letters and other papers.^{[63] [64]} In 2014, another 125 of Parks's photos were acquired from the foundation by WSU, with help from Wichita philanthropists Paula and Barry Downing, for display at the academy's Ulrich Museum of Fine art.

Kansas Land University

The Gordon Parks Collection in the Richard 50. D. and Marjorie J. Morse Department Special Collections at Kansas State Academy primarily documents the cosmos of his motion-picture show The Learning Tree. The Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Art at Kansas State University holds a collection of 204 Gordon Parks photographs every bit well as artist files and artwork documentation. This drove is fabricated upwards of 128 photographs that were chosen and gifted by Parks in 1973 to K-State, after receiving an honorary doctor of letters degree from the university in 1970. The gift included blackness and white images printed from negatives fabricated between 1949 and 1970 and stored in the LIFE magazine athenaeum; the donation likewise included color photographs printed from negatives in the artist's private collection. The K-Country gift is the first known prepare of photographs specifically selected by Parks for a public establishment. The collection also includes a grouping of 73 photographs printed subsequently two residences by Parks in Manhattan, Kansas. Parks first returned for a residency in 1984, sponsored past the local newspaper The Manhattan Mercury for its centennial; he returned for another in 1985, initiated by the Manhattan Arts Council and sponsored by the city and various community organizations and individuals. Seventy-iii photographs printed after these visits were transferred from the Manhattan Arts Center to Grand-Land in 2017. The photographs are of locations in and around Manhattan, including churches and historic homes and K-State compages and students.

Exhibitions [edit]

• 1984: The Photographs of Gordon Parks, Minnesota Museum of American Fine art, Landmark Heart Galleries, St. Paul, MN
• 1997: One-half by autumn : a retrospective Gordon Parks, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.. A career retrospective.^[65]
• 2013: Gordon Parks: The Making of an Argument, New Orleans Museum of Fine art.^{[66] [67]}
• 2015: Gordon Parks: Back to Fort Scott, Boston Museum of Fine Arts.^[34]
• 2015: Gordon Parks: Segregation Story, High Museum of Art, Atlanta.
• 2016: Invisible Homo: Gordon Parks and Ralph Ellison in Harlem, Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
• 2017: Gordon Parks: camera is my weapon, Zachęta Gallery, Warsaw, Poland.^{[68] [69]}
• 2018: Gordon Parks: The Flavio Story, Ryerson Image Centre, Toronto, Ontario and the Getty Museum, Los Angeles.
• 2019: Gordon Parks: The New Tide, Early Work 1940-1950, Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, Texas.^{[70] [71]}
• 2020: Gordon Parks X Muhammad Ali, The Image of a Champion, 1966/1970, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Fine art, Kansas City, Missouri. Comprising photographs from 2 Life mag assignments.^{[72] [73]}
• 2020: A Choice of Weapons Honor and Nobility: The Visions of Gordon Parks and Jamel Shabazz, Minnesota Museum of American Art, St. Paul, MN.^[74]
• 2021: "The Impact of Gordon Parks," multiple Parks films (including Leadbelly) screened and retrospective panel, Tallgrass Movie Festival, Wichita, Kansas^{[75] [76] [77]}

Collections [edit]

Parks'southward work is held in the post-obit public collections:

• Art Found of Chicago,^[78] Chicago, IL
• Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, MN^{[ citation needed ]}
• Cleveland Museum of Art^[79]
• Minnesota Museum of American Art, St. Paul, MN
• Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, MO^[80]

Awards and honors [edit]

• Parks received more than xx honorary doctorates in his lifetime.^[81]
• 1941: Awarded a fellowship for photography from the Rosenwald Fund. The fellowship allowed him to piece of work with the Farm Security Administration.^[82]
• 1961: Named "Magazine Lensman of the Twelvemonth" (1960) past the American Society of Magazine Photographers.^[82]
• 1970: Kansas Country University awarded Parks the honorary degree of Doc of Letters.
• 1972: The NAACP awarded Parks the Spingarn Medal.^[83]
• 1974: Kansas Country University hosted a week-long "Gordon Parks Festival", November 4–11.
• 1976: Honorary Md of Humanities degree from Thiel College, a individual, liberal arts college in Greenville, Pennsylvania^[84]
• 1989: The U.s. Library of Congress selects The Learning Tree as one of the first 25 films chosen for permanent preservation as part of the National Film Registry, deeming information technology to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" due to its being the first major studio characteristic movie directed by an African American.^{[ citation needed ]}
• 1990: Missouri Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism, Missouri School of Journalism, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO^[85]
• 1998: Anisfield-Wolf Book Accolade for Lifetime Achievement</ref> http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/lifetime-gordon-parks/</ref>
• 1999: Gordon Parks Unproblematic School, a nonprofit, Chiliad-five grade public charter school in Kansas City, Missouri, was established to brainwash the urban-cadre inhabitants.^[86]
• 2000: The Congress of Racial Equality Lifetime Achievement Award.^[87]
• 2000: Library of Congress selects Parks's film Shaft for National Film Registry preservation—deeming it to exist "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant"^{[ citation needed ]}
• 2000 (Apr): Library of Congress awards Parks its honour "Living Legend"—honoring "artists, writers, activists, filmmakers, physicians, entertainers, sports figures and public servants who have made significant contributions to America'southward diverse cultural, scientific and social heritage"—one 26 writers and artists so honored past the LOC.
• 2001: Kitty Carlisle Hart Award, Arts & Business Quango, New York^[88]
• 2003: Majestic Photographic Society's Special 150th Ceremony Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS) in recognition of a sustained, significant contribution to the art of photography.^[89]
• 2002: Jackie Robinson Foundation Lifetime Achievement Award.
• 2002: Inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum.^[90]
• 2004: The Art Found of Boston awarded the honorary caste of Doctor of Humane Letters.^{[ commendation needed ]}
• 2008: An alternative learning heart in Saint Paul, Minnesota renamed their school Gordon Parks High School afterward receiving a new building^[91]
• 2021: The Gordon Parks Accolade for Black Excellence in Filmmaking, Tallgrass Picture Festival, Wichita, Kansas, instituted in Parks' honor.^{[75] [76]}

Works [edit]

Books [edit]

• Wink Photography (1947)
• Camera Portraits: Techniques and Principles of Documentary Portraiture (1948) (documentary)
• The Learning Tree (1964) (semi-autobiographical)
• A Selection of Weapons (1967) (autobiographical)
• Born Blackness (1970) (compilation of essays and photographs)
• Flavio (1978)^[92]
• To Smile in Autumn (1979) (autobiographical)
  • New edition with foreword by Alexs D. Pate. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Printing, 2009
• Voices in the Mirror, New York: Doubleday (1990) (autobiographical)
• The Lord's day Stalker (2003) (biography on J. Yard. W. Turner)
• A Hungry Heart (2005) (autobiographical)
• Gordon Parks: Collected Works, (2012) Steidl; Slp Edition ISBN 978-3869305301
• The New Tide: Early Work 1940-1950, (2018) Steidl

Poetry [edit]

• Half Past Autumn: A Retrospective, memoir excerpts by Gordon Parks. Bulfinch Press/Niggling, Brown (1997) ISBN 0-8212-2298-8
• A Star for Noon – An Homage to Women in Images Poesy and Music Bulfinch. (2000) ISBN 978-0821226858
• Eyes With Winged Thoughts Atria Books (2005) ASIN B001EYHY00

Photography [edit]

• Arias of Silence (1994) Bulfinch Press. ISBN 978-0821221204
• Glimpses Towards Infinity. Bulfinch Press. (1996) ISBN 978-0821222973
• A Harlem Family 1967. Göttingen, Germany: Steidl, (2012) ISBN 978-3-86930-602-5
• Gordon Parks: a Poet and His Camera by Gordon Park Viking Press (1968) ISBN 978-0233961088
• The Atmosphere of Crime, 1957. Göttingen, Federal republic of germany: Steidl, (2020) ISBN 978-3-95829-696-i

Films [edit]

• Flavio (1964)
• Diary of a Harlem Family (1968)
• The Earth of Piri Thomas (1968)
• The Learning Tree (1969)
• Shaft (1971) – Apartment Landlord (uncredited)
• Shaft's Big Score! (1972, managing director and composer) – Croupier (uncredited)
• The Super Cops (1974)
• Leadbelly (1976)
• Solomon Northup'due south Odyssey (1984)
• Moments Without Proper Names (1987)
• Martin (1989), PBS presentation of the stage functioning of the ballet written nigh Martin Luther King Jr.
• Shaft (2000) – Lenox Lounge Patron / Mr. P (final flick function)

Music [edit]

• Shaft'southward Big Score (1972)
• Moments Without Proper Names (1987)
• Martin (1989) (ballet about Martin Luther Male monarch Jr.)

Publications near Parks [edit]

• Peter W. Kunhardt, Jr., Philip Brookman, eds., Gordon Parks: The New Tide, Early Work 1940–1950. National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. and Steidl, 2018 ISBN 9783958294943
• Paul Roth an Amanda Maddox, eds.,Gordon Parks: The Flavio Story. Gordon Parks Foundation and Steidl, 2017 ISBN 978-iii-95829-344-1
• Michal Raz-Russo and Jean-Christophe Cloutier, et al., Invisible Human: Gordon Parks and Ralph Ellison. Fine art Establish of Chicago and Steidl, 2016 ISBN 978-3-95829-109-6
• Peter Kunhardt, Jr. and Felix Hoffmann, eds., I Am You: Selected Works, 1942–1978. C/O Berlin, Gordon Parks Foundation and Steidl, 2016 ISBN 978-3-95829-248-2
• Karen Haas, Gordon Parks: Back to Fort Scott. Steidl, 2015 ISBN 978-3-86930-918-7
• Brett Abbott, et al., Gordon Parks: Segregation Story. Loftier Museum of Art, Atlanta and Steidl, 2014. ISBN 978-3-86930-801-2
• Russell Lord, Gordon Parks: The Making of an Statement. Steidl, 2013 ISBN 978-3-86930-721-3
• Peter Kunhardt, Jr. and Paul Roth, eds, Gordon Parks: Nerveless Works. Gordon Parks Foundation and Steidl, 2012 ISBN 978-3-86930-530-1
• Drupe, S. 50. Gordon Parks. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990. ISBN 1-55546-604-iv
• Bush, Martin H. The Photographs of Gordon Parks. Wichita, Kansas: Wichita Land Academy, 1983.
• Donloe, Darlene. Gordon Parks: Lensman, Writer, Composer, Pic Maker [Melrose Square Black American series]. Los Angeles: Melrose Square Publishing Company, 1993. ISBN 0-87067-595-8
• Harnan, Terry, and Russell Hoover. Gordon Parks: Blackness Photographer and Film Maker [Americans All series]. Champaign, Illinois: Garrard Publishing Company, 1972. ISBN 0-8116-4572-X
• Parr, Ann, and Gordon Parks. Gordon Parks: No Excuses. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, 2006. ISBN 1-58980-411-2
• Stange, Maren. Bare Witness: photographs by Gordon Parks. Milan: Skira, 2006. ISBN 88-7624-802-1
• Turk, Midge, and Herbert Danska. Gordon Parks. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1971. ISBN 0-690-33793-0

Documentaries on or including Parks [edit]

• My Father, Gordon Parks (1969) (National Athenaeum item #306.08063A)
• Soul in Movie house: Filming Shaft on Location (1971)
• Passion and Retentiveness (1986)
• Malcolm 10: Make it Plain (1994)
• All Power to the People (1996)
• Half Past Fall: The Life and Works of Gordon Parks (2000)
• A Slap-up Day in Hip-Hop (2000)
• Baadasssss Cinema (2002)
• Soul Man: Isaac Hayes (2003)
• Unstoppable: Conversation with Melvin Van Peebles, Gordon Parks, and Ossie Davis (2005)
• Documenting the Face up of America (2008)
• A Selection of Weapons: Inspired by Gordon Parks (2021)

Encounter too [edit]

• Listing of photographers of the ceremonious rights movement

References [edit]

1. ^ "Gordon Parks, IMDb". IMDb. May 1, 2009. Retrieved Oct half-dozen, 2010.
2. ^ Hudson, Berkley (2009). Sterling, Christopher H. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Journalism. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. pp. 1060–67. ISBN978-0-7619-2957-4.
3. ^ Grundberg, Andy, "Gordon Parks, a Main of the Camera, Dies at 93,", The New York Times, March 8, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
4. ^ ^{a b c d due east} Allen, Erin, "Gordon Parks Remembered", in Library of Congress weblog, November 30, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
5. ^ ^{a b c d due east} Ellis, Donna, "Gordon Parks Papers: A Finding Assist to the Collection in the Library of Congress,", with chronology, Manuscript Partition, Library of Congress, 2011, rev. Sept. 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
6. ^ Grundberg, BY Andy (March 8, 2006). "Gordon Parks, a Main of the Camera, Dies at 93". The New York Times . Retrieved March three, 2019.
7. ^ "'He'south inspired and so many of u.s.a.': how Gordon Parks changed photography". the Guardian. November 16, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
8. ^ Parks,1990, p. six.
9. ^ Parks, 1990, pp. 1–2.
10. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 16.
11. ^ Parks, 1990, pp. 12–thirteen.
12. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} D'Ooge, Craig, "Photographer Gordon Parks Donates Archives to the Library of Congress", Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine press release PR 95-096, 7/five/95, ISSN 0731-3527, Library of Congress, June 30, 1995. Retrieved Jan 2, 2016.
13. ^ Parks, 1990, pp. 26–27.
14. ^ Parks, 1990, pp. thirty–34.
15. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 35.
16. ^ "Gordon Parks' big score". Roger Ebert. July two, 1972. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
17. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 77.
18. ^ "Gordon Parks facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Gordon Parks". www.encyclopedia.com . Retrieved April 5, 2018.
19. ^ "Creative person – The Gordon Parks Foundation". gordonparksfoundation.org . Retrieved April v, 2018.
20. ^ Moskowitz, "Gordon Parks: A Man for All Seasons," The Periodical of Blacks in Higher Education, 2003.
21. ^ Yvonne Shinhoster Lamb, "'Life' Lensman And 'Shaft' Director Broke Color Barriers", The Washington Post, March 8, 2006.
22. ^ ^{a b c} Natanson, Nicholas, "From Sophie's Alley to the White House: Rediscovering the Visions of Pioneering Black Authorities Photographers," from Prologue Magazine," Special Issue: "Federal Records and African American History, Summertime 1997, Vol. 29, No. ii, National Archives website. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
23. ^ McCabe, Eamonn (March 10, 2006). "American dazzler". The Guardian (G2). p. eight.
24. ^ Lawrence West. Levine (December 1992). "The Sociology of Industrial Social club: Popular Civilization and Its Audiences". The American Historical Review. Am erican Historical Association. 97 (5): 1369–99. doi:10.2307/2165941. JSTOR 2165941. S2CID 145168847.
25. ^ ^{a b c} D'Ooge, Craig, "Media Advisory: Photographer Gordon Parks To Donate Personal Collection to the Library of Congress", Archived March 6, 2016, at the Wayback Auto printing release PR 95-095, ISSN 0731-3527, Library of Congress, June 30, 1995. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
26. ^ "Youngster, Clutching His Soldier Begetter, Gazes Upward While the Latter Lifts His Married woman from the Ground to Wish Her a "Merry Christmas": The serviceman is 1 of those fortunate plenty to be able to become domicile for the holidays". Earth Digital Library. December 1944. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
27. ^ Grundberg, Andy (March 8, 2006). "Gordon Parks, a Chief of the Camera, Dies at 93". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
28. ^ "Gordon Parks Pictures the Segregated South at Salon 94 Freemans". Vogue. Nov 4, 2015. Retrieved Nov xi, 2015.
29. ^ Lee D. Bakery (1992). "Transforming Anthropology". Naming Moments Properly. 12 (1): 1–2.
30. ^ "CDS Exhibit Features Gordon Parks's Segregation Serial, 'The Restraints: Open and Subconscious'", CDs Porch.
31. ^ Stange, Bare witness: Photographs past Gordon Parks, 2006
32. ^ High Museum of Fine art Atlanta, https://world wide web.high.org/Art/Exhibitions/Gordon-Parks-Segregation-Story.aspx Archived March 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
33. ^ ^{a b} Kennedy, Randy, "'A Long Hungry Expect': Forgotten Gordon Parks Photos Document Segregation", The New York Times, December 24, 2014 (with eleven images in a slide evidence); too published in print on December 28, 2014, p. AR1, the New York edition, with the headline "A Long Hungry Expect".
34. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 278.
35. ^ Parks, 1990, pp. nineteen–twenty.
36. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 45.
37. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 150.
38. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 153.
39. ^ "Gordon Parks Foundation: Music". Gordon Parks Foundation. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
40. ^ "Gordon Parks, Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Rhonna Hoffman Gallery folio . Retrieved January 27, 2017.
41. ^ "Black History Calendar month: Gordon Parks -". February 3, 2014. Retrieved January 27, 2017.
42. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 61.
43. ^ "Gordon Parks & Emerge | Gordon parks, Life magazine, Life". Pinterest . Retrieved November 26, 2021.
44. ^ Sheena C. Howard, Encyclopedia of Blackness Comics, Golden: Fulcrum Publishing, 2017, p. 47.
45. ^ "Gordon Parks & Liz Campbell | Black honey, Celebrity couples, Vintage black". Pinterest . Retrieved November 26, 2021.
46. ^ "Pivot on Blackness History/Ethnic Civilisation". Pinterest . Retrieved November 26, 2021.
47. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 207.
48. ^ "WEDDINGS; Leslie Parks, Alan Harding". The New York Times. August 23, 1998. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
49. ^ Boyd, Herb (September four, 2015). "Toni Parks-Parsons, girl of Gordon Parks, expressionless at 74". New York Amsterdam News . Retrieved November 26, 2021.
50. ^ "Filmmaker Gordon Parks; victim of plane crash", The Day, April 3, 1979.
51. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 335.
52. ^ Del Lemon (January 18, 2001). "Parks follows in begetter's pioneering steps". Austin American-Statesman.
53. ^ Dan Robbins (July 25, 2014). "Recalling Legendary Gordon Parks' Legacy". Westchester Magazine. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
54. ^ "The Importance of Being Gordon Parks – Gordon Parks". dga.org . Retrieved April 5, 2018.
55. ^ Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street by Michael Davis
56. ^ Gordon Parks Foundation website. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
57. ^ "Museum" page Archived January 22, 2016, at the Wayback Automobile, The Gordon Parks Museum/Eye website. Retrieved January 3, 2016.
58. ^ Roe, Donald, "The USIA Motility Movie Drove and African American History: A Reference Review," from Prologue Mag," Special Consequence: "Federal Records and African American History, Summer 1997, Vol. 29, No. 2, National Archives website. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
59. ^ National Athenaeum, "National Archives Hosts Screening and Program on Solomon Northup'south Odyssey May xx: Director Gordon Parks' picture predates 12 Years a Slave past xxx years!", printing release 14–64, National Athenaeum website, May 6, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
60. ^ Smithsonian Institution search for "Gordon Parks", January iii, 2016.
61. ^ "Wichita State chosen to receive Gordon Parks Papers", February 7, 2008, Wichita Eagle. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
62. ^ "Wichita State's Ulrich Museum acquires 125 Gordon Parks photographs", February 7, 2014, Wichita Hawkeye. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
63. ^ Brookman, Philip (1997). Half past autumn : a retrospective Gordon Parks. Bulfinch Press. ISBN0821222988 . Retrieved January 27, 2017.
64. ^ "Gordon Parks: The Making of an Argument". New Orleans Museum of Fine art . Retrieved January 6, 2019.
65. ^ Lord, Russell (2013). Gordon Parks : The Making of an Argument. New Orleans Museum of Art, Steidl, The Gordon Parks Foundation. ISBN978-3869307213.
66. ^ https://www.loftier.org
67. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March xvi, 2015. Retrieved March 17, 2015. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit championship (link)
68. ^ "Gordon Parks: The New Tide, Early Work 1940-1950". Amon Carter Museum of American Fine art . Retrieved November 16, 2019.
69. ^ Brookman, Philip (2019). Gordon Parks: The New Tide: Early on Work 1940–1950. Steidl/Gordon Parks Foundation/National Gallery of Art. ISBN9783958294943.
70. ^ "Gordon Parks X Muhammad Ali, The Image of a Champion, 1966/1970". The Gordon Parks Foundation . Retrieved February 16, 2020.
71. ^ "Gordon Parks Ten Muhammad Ali, The Image of a Champion, 1966/1970". The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art . Retrieved February 16, 2020.
72. ^ "GORDON PARKS: A HOMECOMING – Minnesota Museum of American Art". Retrieved Feb 6, 2021.
73. ^ ^{a b} "The 19th Almanac Tallgrass Pic Festival announces 44 features, 128 shorts for in-person screenings," 2021, Tallgrass Flick Festival, retrieved October 20, 2021
74. ^ ^{a b} "2021 Panels and Educational activity,", Tallgrass Film Festival, retrieved October 20, 2021
75. ^ "What to expect from the Tallgrass Film Festival this year," Oct 19, 2021 (updated October xx, 2021), Kansas State Network, retrieved October twenty, 2021
76. ^ Art Establish of Chicago
77. ^ [1]
78. ^ [two]
79. ^ Parks, 1990, p. 326.
80. ^ ^{a b} Chenrow, Fred; Carol Chenrow Carol (1973). Reading Exercises in Blackness History, Volume i. Elizabethtown, PA: The Continental Printing, Inc., p. 44. ISBN 08454-2107-seven.
81. ^ Spingarn Medal Winners Archived Baronial 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
82. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients | Thiel Higher". world wide web.thiel.edu . Retrieved February 2, 2018.
83. ^ "Missouri Honor Medal Winners: Individuals". Missouri Schoolhouse of Journalism. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
84. ^ "Gordon Parks Elementary School |". Gordonparks.org. October 2, 2010. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
85. ^ Associated Press and Bud Smith, "National Written report: Nation Celebrates Holiday Honoring Martin Luther Rex, Jr." , Jet magazine, Feb 7, 2000, pp. v–xiv (Gordon Parks's laurels ceremony photo and study on p.xiv), photo and article as reproduced on GoogleBooks.com.
86. ^ Robishaw, Lori; Gard Ewell, Maryo (2011). Commemorating l Years of Americans for the Arts. Americans for the Arts. p. 124. ISBN978-1-879903-07-4.
87. ^ Royal Photographic Order's Centenary Accolade Archived December one, 2012, at the Wayback Automobile. Retrieved Baronial xiii, 2012.
88. ^ "Gordon Parks", "Inductees" section, International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum website. Retrieved Jan 14, 2016.
89. ^ Alternative School in Saint Paul, MN named for Gordon Parks. Gordon Parks Loftier School website.
90. ^ "Flavio" at WorldCat

Other sources [edit]

Master source materials [edit]

• Gordon Parks Collection. Special Collections, Kansas State University Library.
• Nerveless Photography, other artwork, and texts. Marianna Kistler Beach Museum of Fine art.
• Gordon Parks Papers Exhibit or Finding Aid. Special Collections and University Athenaeum. Wichita State University Libraries.
• Digital Archive. Gordon Parks Foundation. Currently, the negatives are held at the Special Collections at Purchase College, New York.
• Gordon Parks FSA OWI Photos. Held by the Library of Congress.
• Gordon Parks Oral History from the National Visionary Leadership Projection
• Gordon Parks in the Minneapolis Institute of Fine art, Minneapolis, MN

Additional article-length works [edit]

• Director Lodge of America contour
• International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum contour and biography
• "The Peoples' Champions: Dorothea Lange and Gordon Parks—'Photographic Equality' and 'The Jackie Robinson/Muhammad Ali of the Arts'", two long articles in one booklet researched and authored past David Joseph Marcou and published in February 2016 by DigiCOPY of La Crosse, WI.

External links [edit]

• Gordon Parks at IMDb
• The Gordon Parks Foundation
• Gordon Parks Collection, photo and poetry exhibit in Gordon Parks'due south hometown
• Some of his photography
• Luminous-Lint page
• Ordway Theater presents Gordon Parks in the VocalEssence Witness serial
• C-Bridge interview with Parks, discussing the exhibit "Half By Autumn: The Art of Gordon Parks", November 25, 1997
• PBS Newshour, January 6, 1998
• Further biographical data can be found at the Thomson/Gale
• Photo District News, Legends Online site for Gordon Parks
• Gordon Parks's oral history video excerpts at the National Visionary Leadership Project
• Gordon Parks Gallery at Metropolitan Country University, Saint Paul, Minnesota gallery devoted to preserving the legacy of Gordon Parks
• Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work
• Works by Gordon Parks at Open Library
• The chapter entitled "Gordon Parks: A Versatile Titan Who Made His Proper noun Start As a Photojournalist" is included in this representative earth photo-history The Photographic Spirit: Inspiring Photo Lives and Images, authored by David Joseph Marcou and published in 2013 online (La Crosse History Unbound website) and as well in paperback.
• Audio recording of Gordon Parks, September xix, 1970, from Maryland Institute College of Art's Decker Library, Internet Archive
• Gordon Parks interview on In Blackness America, September 1, 1984 at the American Archive of Public Dissemination

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Parks

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